Friday, May 16, 2014

الانتخابات كـ"مأهاة"، وكاستمرار للمجزرة

عزمي بشارة

16 مايو 2014




يُفترض أنّ الانتخابات تنافسٌ بين برامج سياسية اجتماعية، أو بين مسلكيات الحكم على الأقل. والانتخابات تُجرى في دول ديمقراطية، أما إجراؤها في دولة استبدادية، أو في ظل نظام عسكري قمعي، فهو اسم بلا مسمّى، وبالتالي، لا تستحق هذه التسمية.
وربما اتخذت الانتخابات أشكالاً مشهدية، وشخصانية، في الدولة الديمقراطية، في عصر حضارة الاستهلاك، وقد تفرّغها من مضمونها في كثير من الحالات. ولكن، من الناحية الأخرى، لا تؤثّر نتائج الانتخابات على الحقوق المكتسبة للناس، لأن الحريات والحقوق الأساسية مُمَأسسة في العرف والمسلك والدستور. فهي، بالتالي، لا تضر إذا لم تنفع. ولكنها في الحقيقة تنفع.
فإجراؤها دورياً، إضافة إلى الضوابط الحقوقية والآليات الأخرى المتوفرة والمكتسبة، تمنع نشوء الاستبداد على الأقل. كما أنه لا ديمقراطية من دون تمثيل، ولا تمثيل من دون انتخابات دورية. وهي ذاتها آلية ضبط ورقابة.
وتبقى مفترقات تاريخية، يجري فيها تغيير حقيقي في السياسة، نتيجة للانتخابات ذاتها. ولا يحصل ذلك كل أربع سنوات، بل يتاح في مناسباتٍ، تفصل بينها فترات زمنية، أكثر طولاً، كل عشرين أو ثلاثين سنة مثلاً، حين تنضج بدائل اجتماعية سياسية حقيقية، يجري حسمها انتخابياً. وحتى يكون ذلك ممكناً، يجب أن تجري الانتخابات بشكل دوري.
ومهما بلغ تشويه الانتخابات بسوق الدعاية وخطاب الاستهلاك، يبقى في نواتها ما يلي:
1. إنها خيارات. فلا انتخابات في غياب حرية الاختيار. ويمكن التفصيل في الشروط اللازمة لتوفير حرية الاختيار، وليكون لها معنى.
2. تجري الانتخابات داخل دولة ممأسسة، كتنافس بين خيارات حول كيفية إدارة الدولة، أو على معاقبة ومكافأة مسلكيات معينة في الحكم.
3. يفترض أن تكون أجهزة القمع من جيش وشرطة محايدة في الانتخابات.
4. يفترض أن يكون القضاء محايداً.
الاستفتاء على الديكتاتور مهزلة، وليس انتخابات. وكذلك الانتخابات بعد زج المنافسين، كأشخاص وقوى، في السجون، ومثلها الاختيار الوهمي بين العسكر ومَنْ نادى بعودة العسكر، أو بين العسكر ورجال العسكر في ظل حكم العسكري في عصر الثورة المضادة، التي تتميز بالركاكة الخطابية والشعوذة الإعلامية، وتحويل الإعلام إلى جوقةٍ، تحرض على الكراهية. هذه مهزلة، أو مأساة، وللدقة "مأهاة" (جمع بين مأساة وملهاة، كما في تراجي- كوميدي).
أما من يقصف الناس بالبراميل المتفجرة، ويجوّعهم، ويشرّدهم، ويسطو على أملاكهم... ويعرض نفسه للاستفتاء بعد ذلك، فهو كمن ينتخب له شعباً بتقتيل الأغلبية وتشريدها. كان من شأن التخويف، وحده، أن يفعل فعله في الماضي القريب في كسر إرادة الأغلبية. أما، هنا، فيختار الديكتاتور "الأغلبية" التي تلائمه، بدل أن تختاره؛ وذلك بتشريد الأغلبية، وقتلها وتجويعها.
ليس شعبه من ينتخبه، بل ينتخب هو لنفسه شعباً بالمجازر. هذه ليست انتخابات، ولا تصلح لها حتى اجتهادات في تركيب التسمية مثل "المأهاة". كل هذا لا يكفي. لأنها ببساطة أسوأ من ذلك. إنها استمرار المجزرة بوسائل أخرى. وليس من حقّ أحد أن يتعامل معها بشكل آخر.

Thursday, May 15, 2014

Video: Rebels bomb a large Syrian military base

"As the violence in Syria rages on, rebel forces struck another blow against the government by detonating a 60-ton bomb below an army base, according to reports. Video of the massive explosion shows an obliteration of the government stronghold. Rebel leaders say they used a tunnel more than a half-mile long to pack explosives below the Wadi al-Deif base, according to Reuters. Syria's devastating civil war has raged for years, pitting government forces representing President Bashar al-Assad against rebel fighters. Reuters reports the rebels have stepped up guerrilla attacks against army strongholds, including the base and a hotel base where government fighters stay. Control of strategic locations has volleyed between the sides since the civil war evolved from a peaceful Arab Spring protest movement in 2011. But it's the civilians who are paying the true price. An estimated 200 people are killed every day, with about 150,000 killed overall, and 2.7 million people -- an astounding 12 percent of Syria's population -- are refugees from the fighting."

A GREAT CARTOON BY KHALIL BENDIB: John Kerry Wind Mill Diplomacy

5-10-Quixotic-Kerry.jpg (600×438)

The Score: 

Windmills 3, Windbag 0.

Syria: Groups Call for ICC Referral

Statement by Civil Society Organizations on Need for Justice

(New York) – Over one hundred civil society groups from around the world issued the following statement today to urge the United Nations Security Council to approve a resolution to refer the situation in Syria to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court:

We, the undersigned civil society groups, urge United Nations Security Council members to approve a draft resolution supported by a broad coalition of countries that would refer the situation in Syria to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC).

More than three years into a conflict that has claimed well over 100,000 lives, according to the United Nations, atrocity crimes are being committed with complete impunity by all sides in the conflict, with no end in sight.

Neither Syrian authorities nor the leaders of non-state armed groups have taken any meaningful steps to ensure accountability for past and ongoing grave human rights crimes. The failure to hold those responsible for these violations to account has only fueled further atrocities by all sides. Against this background, we believe the ICC is the forum most capable of effectively investigating and prosecuting the people who bear the greatest responsibility for serious crimes and of offering a measure of justice for victims in Syria.

The latest report from the UN’s Syria Commission of Inquiry, published on March 5, 2014, also found that all sides to the Syria conflict continued to commit serious crimes under international law and held that the Security Council was failing to take action to end the state of impunity. The commission, which has published seven in-depth reports since its establishment in August 2011, recommended that the Security Council give the ICC a mandate to investigate abuses in Syria

The need for accountability in Syria through the ICC has likewise been supported by more than 60 UN member countries, representing all regions of world, including 10 of the current members of the Security Council. We urge all Security Council members to heed this call for justice. Other countries should publicly support the draft resolution and warn Russia and China against using their veto power to obstruct accountability for violations by all sides.

As a permanent international court with a mandate to prosecute war crimes and crimes against humanity when national authorities are unable or unwilling to do so, the ICC was created to address exactly the type of situation that exists in Syria today. Though the court's work can be only one piece of the larger accountability effort needed in Syria, it is a crucial first step.

We therefore strongly urge Security Council members to urgently act to fill the accountability gap in Syria. The people of Syria cannot afford further disappointment or delay.       


Co-signing organizations in alphabetical order
  1. Action des Chrétiens pour l'Abolition de la Torture, France
  2. Advocates for Public International Law, Uganda
  3. Arabic Network for Human Rights Information, Egypt
  4. Asia Pacific Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, Australia
  5. Act for Peace, Australia
  6. Arab Coalition for Sudan, Sudan
  7. Arab Program for Human Rights Activists,Egypt
  8. Arab-European Center Of Human Rights And International Law, Norway
  9. Arab Foundation for Development and Citizenship, United Kingdom
  10. Andalus Institute for Tolerance and anti-Violence Studies, Egypt
  11. Benin Coalition for the International Criminal Court, Benin
  12. Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies, Egypt
  13. Campaña Colombiana Contra Minas, Colombia
  14. Center for Media Studies and Peacebuilding, Liberia
  15. Child Soldiers International, United Kingdom
  16. Christian Solidarity Worldwide, Belgium
  17. Club des Amis du Droit du Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo
  18. Coalition Ivoirienne pour la Cour Penale Internationale, Cote d'Ivoire
  19. Colombian Commission of Jurists, Colombia
  20. Community Empowerment for Progress Organization, South Sudan
  21. Conflict Monitoring Center, Pakistan
  22. Congress of National Minorities of Ukraine, Ukraine
  23. Comité Catholique Contre la Faim et Pour le Développement - Terre Solidaire, France
  24. Comision Mexicana de Defensa y Promocion de los Derechos Humanos, Mexico
  25. Comision de Derechos Humanos, Peru
  26. CSO Network, Western Kenya
  27. Dawlaty Foundation, Lebanon
  28. Democracia Global, Argentina
  29. East Africa Law Society, Tanzania
  30. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights, Egypt
  31. Elman Peace and Human Rights Center, Somalia
  32. Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network
  33. FN-forbundet / Danish United Nations Association, Denmark
  34. Franciscans International
  35. Fundación de Antropología Forense, Guatemala
  36. Friends For a NonViolent World, United States 
  37. Georgian Young Lawyers Association, Georgia
  38. Genocide Alert, Germany
  39. GlobalSolutions.org, United States
  40. Global Justice Center, United States
  41. Global Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, United States
  42. Gulf Centre for Human Rights, Denmark
  43. Horiyat for Development and Human Rights, Libya
  44. Humanist Institute for Development Cooperation, The Netherlands
  45. Humanitarian Law Center Kosovo, Kosovo
  46. Human Rights First, United States
  47. Human Rights Watch
  48. International Justice Project, United States
  49. International Commission of Jurists, Kenya
  50. International Society for Civil Liberties & the Rule of Law, Nigeria
  51. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, United States
  52. International Federation of Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture, France
  53. International Center for Policy and Conflict, Kenya
  54. Insan, Lebanon
  55. Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, United States
  56. Justice Without Frontiers, Lebanon
  57. Kenya Human Rights Commission, Kenya
  58. La Coalition Burundaise pour la Cour Penale Internationale, Burundi
  59. Lira NGO Forum, Uganda
  60. Ligue pour la Paix, les Droits de l'Homme et la Justice, Democratic Republic of Congo
  61. Media Foundation for West Africa, Ghana
  62. Minority Rights Group International, United Kingdom
  63. National Youth Action, Inc., Liberia
  64. No Peace Without Justice, Italy
  65. Norwegian People's Aid, Norway
  66. Optimum Travail du Burkina, Burkina Faso
  67. Open Society Justice Initiative
  68. Pakistan Body Count, Pakistan
  69. PAX, The Netherlands
  70. Pax Christi International
  71. Parliamentarians for Global Action
  72. El Equipo Peruano de Antropología Forense, Peru
  73. Physicians for Human Rights, United States
  74. Pak Institute for Peace Studies, Pakistan
  75. REDRESS, United Kingdom
  76. Reporters without Borders, France
  77. Rencontre africaine pour la défense des droits de l’homme (Raddho-Guinée), Guinea
  78. Reseau Equitas, Cote D’Ivoire
  79. Samir Kassir Foundation, Lebanon
  80. Southern Africa Litigation Centre, South Africa
  81. South African Institute for Advanced Constitutional, Public, Human Rights and International Law, South Africa
  82. Syrian Network for Human Rights, United Kingdom
  83. Syria Justice & Accountability Center, The Netherlands
  84. Syrian Nonviolence Movement, France
  85. Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, United Kingdom
  86. Synergie des ONGs Congolaises pour la lutte contre les Violences Sexuelles, Democratic Republic of Congo
  87. Synergie des ONGs Congolaises pour les Victimes, Democratic Republic of Congo
  88. The International Federation for Human Rights, France
  89. The Centre for Accountability and Rule of Law, Sierra Leone
  90. The Association of Political Scientists, Greece
  91. The Sentinel Project for Genocide Prevention, Canada
  92. The Igarape Institute, Brazil
  93. The Arab World Center for Democratic Development, Jordan
  94. The United Nations Association of Sweden, Sweden
  95. United to End Genocide, United States
  96. Vision GRAM-International, Canada
  97. Violations Documentation Center, Syria
  98. Wake Up Genève for Syria, Switzerland
  99. West Africa Civil Society Institute, Ghana
  100. West African Bar Association, Nigeria
  101. World Federalist Movement, Canada
  102. World Federation of United Nations Associations
  103. Womens's International League for Peace and Freedom, Switzerland 
  104. Zarga Organization for Rural Development, Sudan

Real News Video: Does Israel Have a Right to Exist as a Jewish State? - Ali Abunimah on Reality Asserts Itself (3/5)

Mr. Abunimah says no state exists as an absolute right, but there is a people's right to self determination



More at The Real News

Kerry wasn't wrong: Israel's future is beginning to look a lot like apartheid

A closer look at the diplomatic playing field ahead and the South African history behind – plus blunt statements from a rising set of Israeli right-wingers – reveals a different blueprint

john kerry sideways
John Kerry said he was sorry for claiming that Israel was at risk of becoming an 'apartheid state' and that it was 'a word best left out of the debate'. But is it? Photograph: Jewel Samad / AFP / Getty
The howls of outrage from the pro-Israel lobby are probably the best indicator that John Kerry and his chief Middle East mediator, Martin Indyk, had it right.
Organizations claiming to speak for America's Jews – mostly too far to the right to be representative of most of them – reeled in horror after Kerry dared to say it two weeks ago: if Israel doesn't reach a deal on an independent Palestine it risks becoming an "apartheid state".
The second blow came a week later, when Indyk said that Binyamin Netanyahu's government had "sabotaged" the latest negotiations with another surge in Jewish settlement construction in the occupied territories and large-scale expropriation of land that does not belong to Israel.
Israel called the envoy a hypocrite and blamed him for the failure of the latest talks. The secretary of state apologized for using the A-word, saying it was "best left out of the debate" in the US – even if it is used in Israel itself, including by two former prime ministers to sound similar warnings to Kerry's.
But is "apartheid" really a word best left forgotten?
Kerry's comment injected some unusually blunt and much-needed honesty to the public debate in his own country about what is really going on in Israel. Tellingly, Kerry's carefully worded apology said he accepted that Israel does not intend to become an apartheid state, which is not at all the same thing as saying it won't become one.
After years of traveling through the West Bank and South Africa, it's blindingly clear to me: the ever-expanding settlements are, indeed, carving out the geography of West Bank apartheid. And if Kerry was wrong, it was only in casting his warning as a prediction rather than about a present reality.
Israel's intent in the West Bank is an issue that has largely been off-limits in Washington. The pro-Israel lobby, with some help from Congress, has played an important role in determining the boundaries of criticism. It works tirelessly to portray Israeli governments as moderate and deeply committed to a just peace – if only the Palestinians were, too. Those who suggest otherwise are accused of "hating Israel" (or worse).
With their forthright statements, Kerry and Indyk cut some of the ground from under the weary mantra that settlements are not an obstacle to peace, that anyone who dares utter "apartheid" is an anti-semite. Kerry's use of the A-word stung because it challenged Israel's bedrock insistence that the occupation is solely driven by security and not an intent to discriminate or dominate.
But Israel needed challenging. For all their public professions of horror, influential members of Netanyahu's party and its allies were happy enough to see the peace talks collapse – and to have an excuse to scorn Kerry. They see an opportunity to diminish the American role, abandon lip service to the two-state solution and, eventually, move toward the very outcome Kerry warned about.
Danny Danon, the increasingly powerful chairman of the central committee of Netanyahu's Likud party and Israel's deputy defence minister, called Kerry's comment "unacceptable". But Danon openly opposes his own prime minister's professed support for a two-state solution – as, apparently, do a majority of Likud members who made him party chairman because he promised to stop Netanyahu from agreeing to a Palestinian state. Strange as it may seem, Israel's prime minister isn't trusted by much of his own party. Last week, Likud activists voted to increase Danon's powers as party chairman.
In an interview late last year, Danon told me that there is not going to be a Palestinian state, and that Netanyahu shouldn't worry what the Americans think:
I think that's why we have to do what is good for Israel and not to think about what sounds good in Washington.
Danon spoke of "managing the conflict" in the short term by maintaining the occupation, while "improving the way of living for the Palestinians".
After that, his aim might be drawn straight out of the South African playbook: Danon says bluntly that he wants to take the bulk of West Bank land – Judea and Samaria, as it's known in Israel – while ridding the Jewish state of responsibility for governing the mass of Palestinians. "Long-term, I am not talking about annexing the Palestinians. My goal is to annex – or 'apply sovereignty', as I prefer to call it – to the land in Judea and Samaria with the minimum amount of Palestinians," he told me. "So, if I am doing the map, yes, I want the majority of the land with the minimum amount of Palestinians."
That was, essentially, South Africa's 1960s blueprint for the supposedly self-governing Bantustan homelands intended to rid white South Africa of millions of black people while taking the best of their land. I saw that plan in force in South Africa so I put it to Danon that not only is his policy similar but that the end result might look much the same: a patchwork of Arab towns and cities in the West Bank surrounded by Israel. He didn't deny it.
"As long as there is enough place to develop, then it doesn't have to look good," Danon said. "You want the well-being of Palestinians to be good, so I would look at the actual life of the people rather than how it will look on the map."
Danon is not alone in this vision. Other members of Netanyahu's coalition, such as the economic minister Naftali Bennett, are equally determined there will not be a Palestinian state. By comparison, the voices countering them, such as the justice minister and chief Israeli peace negotiator, look increasingly beleaguered.
Others on the Israeli right would rather bring the Americans around to their way of thinking. Dani Dayan is the former leader of the Jewish settlers in the occupied territories, the Yesha council, and now its foreign affairs envoy. He happened to be in Washington when Kerry made his controversial remark, working to wean American politicians off the "peace process".
Dayan tells me that Kerry is "damaging American interests" by pursuing talks that will inevitably fail and, in doing so, that he's making the US look weak. That plays well with some Republicans.
But Dayan admits the next step is a difficult sell in Washington: he wants the US to abandon what he describes as the illusion of a two state solution. He said that what Palestinians want more than a country is a better lifestyle. So, according to the plan, Israel should keep the occupation going for another couple of decades or more, just do it better– by improving living standards with better education, job opportunities and development. Then everyone can get back to talking about a political future. In the meantime, the expansion of the settlements will have marched on.
"Of course we will keep building," he said.
To be sure, Danny Danon is not Israel's prime minister, and Dani Dayan represents settlers, a group that accounts for only about one in 10 of Israel's 6m Jews. But their visions of a future for Israel – and the occupied territories that, like it or not, bear many of the hallmarks of apartheid – is gaining ground. Now it has the kind of political energy behind it that once drove the left and peace groups in Israel.
The powerful lobby group, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (Aipac), led the attack on Kerry, calling his apartheid comment "offensive and inappropriate" and conjuring up a Disney-fied version of Israel as a "shining light for freedom". With the Republicans piling on, Kerry bowed to the political reality and took a step back.
But the US secretary of state saw the future far more clearly than his critics.

Wednesday, May 14, 2014

Glenn Greenwald: U.S. Corporate Media is "Neutered, Impotent and Obsolete"

Democracy Now!

"In the final part of our extended interview, Glenn Greenwald reflects on the Pulitzer Prize, adversarial journalism and the corporate media’s response to his reporting on Edward Snowden’s leaked National Security Agency documents. "We knew that once we started publishing not one or two stories, but dozens of stories … that not just the government, but even fellow journalists were going to start to look at what we were doing with increasing levels of hostility and to start to say, 'This doesn't actually seem like journalism anymore,’ because it’s not the kind of journalism that they do," Greenwald says. "It doesn’t abide by these unspoken rules that are designed to protect the government."...."

Al-Jazeera Video: الاتجاه المعاكس- جدوى الهدنات بين النظام والمعارضة بسوريا

Tell me More. Please...

By Maysaloon

Please, tell me more about your "Resistance" project, and how you are fighting the good fight against imperialism and occupation and cultural hegemony. About how you think the necktie is a remnant of the uniform worn by the old Knights Templar (it's not but I like to see you keep bringing that up). Tell me more about how the freedom of the individual, this so-called negative and positive freedom you keep liking to invoke, is so, so, very important to the historic struggles of the brown man as he shakes off the yoke of his oppressor. Tell me about your amazing plan to liberate Jerusalem, for the dignity of all Palestinians, Arabs, and Muslims (no dignity to any of them until then, of course). Tell me about your glorious leaders and martyrs, about "keeping your word" with a brutal dictator who has butchered the Syrian people just so that he can be a president like his Daddy.

You'll only be happy to, I am sure. But right now there is something you're not telling me. Right now the so-called "Zionist Enemy" has, through their courts and laws, imprisoned a former president on charges of rape, and that there is a former prime minister who will now serve six years in prison on charges of bribery. Maybe they're not as good at picking their leaders as you are. And you definitely don't want to tell me about how your torture chambers make anything the villainous "Empire" can think of, including Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib - yes, especially them - look like Disney land in comparison. You don't want to tell me that your pet dictator and the militias you send to support him have killed more Syrians than everybody killed by US drone strikes since 2001. That they have displaced in three years more Syrians than the "Zionist enemy" ever did when it took part of Palestine in 1948, and then the rest of it in 1967. I guess these are things you don't want to tell me about...

Real News Video: Palestinians Can Learn from the African-American Struggle - Ali Abunimah on Reality Asserts Itself (2/5)

On Reality Asserts Itself, Ali Abunimah, founder of Electronic Intifada, says that Palestinians need to know that even in a country with formal legal equality, the reality can mean mass incarceration, economic inequality and racism


More at The Real News

Assad regime targets Syrian healthcare system

Physicians for Human Rights says 460 health professionals have died over the past three years, according to study

• Map showing attacks on hospitals and clinics in Syria

A wounded man is treated at a makeshift
A wounded man is treated at a makeshift hospital following a reported bombardment with explosive-packed "barrel bombs" by Syrian government forces. Photograph: Zein Al-Rifai/AFP/Getty Images
Syrian government forces have systematically attacked the healthcare system in opposition-held areas of the country over the past three years, resulting in the deaths of more than 460 health professionals and widespread destruction to hospitals and clinics, according to a major study.
Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), a US-based international NGO, has found that government forces were to blame for 90% of the confirmed 150 attacks on 124 facilities from the start of the Syrian uprising in March 2011 to March 2014, as plotted on an interactive map that will be regularly updated.
"The systematic nature of these attacks reflects the government's indifference to the health and life of civilians, which has created a public health crisis that will haunt Syria for years," said Erin Gallagher, PHR's director of emergency investigations and response. "Doctors and nurses who are committed to caring for everyone, regardless of political beliefs, are being killed while trying to save lives under gruelling circumstances."
According to UN estimates, 245,000 people in Syria are living in besieged areas, cut off from food, water, and medical supplies. Almost half of all public hospitals have been partially or totally destroyed. The overall death toll in the crisis so far exceeds 150,000. Up to 2.5 million people have fled abroad and 9 million people inside Syria need help in what the UN has described as the world's worst humanitarian crisis in modern times.
"As doctors, we are often perceived to be the enemy because we treat everyone regardless of their political views," said a physician in Aleppo, who did not want to be identified for security reasons. "We take great risks to do our jobs at a time when our skills are greatly needed. War has ravaged our country's health system, and attacking hospitals and doctors has made this horrible situation even worse."
Attacks on medical professionals, facilities, and supplies during armed conflict violate the Geneva conventions. When the attacks are widespread or systematic, they constitute a crime against humanity.
"Syria is among the worst examples of targeting medical care as a weapon of war," said Donna McKay, PHR's executive director. "We must not allow these rampant abuses to become the new norm in conflict."
PHR said it hopes the information in its map will prompt the UN security council to implement the resolution demanding increased humanitarian aid to people living in besieged areas, including medical supplies. PHR also calls on all parties to the conflict to demilitarise hospitals and honour international humanitarian laws protecting medical personnel and facilities.
Syrian government forces are responsible for the majority of violations, but the map indicates that attacks by anti-government rebels are increasing, with nine of the 10 attacks committed by opposition groups occurring since March 2013.
PHR collected the data from sources inside Syria as well as open sources in English and Arabic, including UN, government, and non-governmental reports; news articles; and social media. Given the volatile conditions on the ground, PHR was unable to collect comprehensive data on all the attacks and killings of healthcare providers. PHR identified 150 attacks using multiple sources to corroborate the data.