ما وراء استنفار نتنياهو لصالح بن سلمان بقضية خاشقجي

صالح النعامي

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يُعدّ استنفار رئيس الوزراء الإسرائيلي بنيامين نتنياهو العلني لمحاولة إنقاذ ولي العهد السعودي محمد بن سلمان من تداعيات قضية اغتيال الصحافي الكاتب جمال خاشقجي، عبر دعوته إلى ضرورة الحفاظ على استقرار نظام الحكم في الرياض، المستوى الثالث من مستويات التدخل الإسرائيلي الهادف إلى تحقيق هذا الهدف.

في البداية، عمدت تل أبيب إلى محاولة احتواء اهتمام النخبة السياسية الأميركية بقضية خاشقجي، من خلال الطلب من منظمات اللوبي اليهودي العاملة في الولايات المتحدة، للضغط على أعضاء الكونغرس، سيما الجمهوريين لمراعاة المصالح الاستراتيجية لكل من الولايات المتحدة وإسرائيل المرتبطة باستقرار نظام الحكم في الرياض، والتي يمكن أن تتأثر بشكل كبير في حال تعرض هذا النظام لهزة كبيرة.

لكن عندما لم يفلح تحرك اللوبيات اليهودية الذي كشف عنه نائب مستشار الأمن القومي الإسرائيلي السابق، عيران ليرمان، في تحقيق النتيجة المرجوة، عمدت القيادة الإسرائيلية إلى الدبلوماسية الصامتة عبر تدخل نتنياهو المباشر لدى إدارة الرئيس الأميركي دونالد ترامب، بهدف إقناعها بعدم التصعيد ضد بن سلمان، كما كشفت عن ذلك صحيفة "واشنطن بوست" أخيراً.

" عامل الوقت دفع القيادة الإسرائيلية إلى التدخل بكثافة لإنقاذ بن سلمان "

وقد حاول نتنياهو من خلال تذكيره أمس في المؤتمر الصحافي الذي عقده في العاصمة البلغارية بودابست، بأنه "يتوجب ألا تؤثر أية قضية على متطلبات مواجهة إيران وتطلعاتها النووية، حتى عندما يتعلق الأمر بجريمة مروعة، مثل حادثة اغتيال خاشقجي"، لفت أنظار النخبة السياسية الأميركية إلى ضرورة الاحتكام إلى سلم أولويات يراعي مصالح واشنطن وتل أبيب.

وعلى الرغم من أن تشابك والتقاء المصالح بين إسرائيل ونظام الحكم الذي يقوده بن سلمان في الرياض كبيرة وجلية، إلا أن عامل الوقت، هو العامل الرئيس الذي دفع القيادة الإسرائيلية إلى التدخل بكثافة ومن خلال تنويع الأدوات، في محاولاتها إنقاذ بن سلمان. فإسرائيل تخشى أن يفضي انشغال نظام الحكم السعودي في مواجهة تبعات قضية اغتيال خاشقجي إلى المس بقدرة الرياض على توفير بيئة تسهم في إنجاح رزمة العقوبات الكبيرة التي يفترض أن يعلن عنها ترامب غداً الإثنين، والتي تراهن تل أبيب على دورها في إخضاع طهران وإجبارها على الموافقة على إعادة النظر في الاتفاق النووي.

فإعلان بن سلمان خلال مقابلته الأخيرة مع موقع "بلومبيرغ"، وعشية تفجر قضية خاشقجي، بأنه سيعمد إلى استخراج النفط من الحقل المتنازع عليه مع الكويت من أجل ضمان عدم تأثر سوق الطاقة العالمي بتقليص تصدير النفط الإيراني، أثار ارتياحا كبيراً في أوساط صناع القرار في تل أبيب. لكن إسرائيل تعي الآن أن قدرة بن سلمان على الوفاء بهذا المتطلب لإنجاح العقوبات محدودة للغاية. في الوقت ذاته، فإن هناك في تل أبيب من يخشى من لجوء بن سلمان إلى ربط تعاونه مع العقوبات بمستقبل الإجراءات الأميركية ضد نظامه.

إلى جانب ذلك، فإن نخب الحكم في تل أبيب تنطلق من افتراض مفاده أن تواصل اهتمام وسائل الإعلام والرأي العام في الولايات المتحدة وأوروبا بتداعيات قضية خاشقجي، سيساعد تحديداً الحكومات الغربية التي تعارض فرض القائمة الجديدة من العقوبات على إيران.

إلى جانب ذلك، وعلى المدى الأبعد، فإن إسرائيل قلقة جداً من تداعيات قضية خاشقجي على الواقع الداخلي في السعودية. فعلى الرغم من أن السيناريو الأفضل بالنسبة لإسرائيل، يتمثل في نقل للسلطة بهدوء وسلاسة عبر تخلي بن سلمان عن الحكم لصالح شخصية أخرى من العائلة المالكة؛ إلا أن تل أبيب، في الواقع تتخوف من أحد سيناريوهين؛ أحدهما يتمثل في تعاظم الضغوط الدولية على بن سلمان مما قد يضطره إلى الانقلاب على سياساته المؤيدة للغرب وإسرائيل، مما يسهم في تعقيد البيئة الإقليمية بشكل كبير.

" تخشى إسرائيل أن تُفضي تداعيات قضية خاشقجي إلى المسّ بالحكم في السعودية "

أما السيناريو الأكثر واقعية، والذي تخشاه تل أبيب بشكل خاص، فيتمثل في أن تفضي تداعيات قضية خاشقجي إلى المس باستقرار نظام الحكم في الرياض بشكل كبير وحتى انهياره، مما يحول السعودية إلى ساحة تهديد مباشر لإسرائيل. فقد سبق لمحافل التقدير الإستراتيجي في تل أبيب أن استشرفت التداعيات الكارثية على الأمن القومي الإسرائيلي التي يمكن أن يسفر عنها اهتزاز استقرار أو انهيار نظام الحكم السعودي، سيما بسبب وجود "بدائل متطرفة" للحكم وترسانة ضخمة من الأسلحة المتطورة، إلى جانب مساحة السعودية الهائلة نسبياً، التي تقلّص فرص الحصول على معلومات استخبارية حول مصادر التهديد المحتملة.

من ناحية ثانية، فإن إسرائيل مستاءة من تواصل الانشغال بقضية خاشقجي لأنها أفضت إلى حدوث تحول في موازين القوى الإقليمية؛ وأسفرت هذه القضية بشكل واضح عن تعزيز مكانة تركيا وإيران مقابل تراجع مكانة نظام الحكم السعودي.

ومما زاد الأمور تعقيداً، أن قضية خاشقجي مهّدت الطريق أمام حدوث تحسّن كبير لمكانة الرئيس التركي رجب طيب أردوغان خصمها اللدود، ومنحته الفرصة لتحسين العلاقة مع إدارة ترامب، مع العلم أن تل أبيب راهنت كثيراً على تراجع هذه العلاقات؛ وهذا ما دفع نخباً مرتبطة بدوائر الحكم في تل أبيب إلى مهاجمة تركيا واتهامها باستغلال قضية خاشقجي للمس بنظام بن سلمان ومصالح تل أبيب وواشنطن.

في الوقت ذاته، فإن إسرائيل تخشى أن يفضي أي مسّ بمكانة نظام الحكم السعودي إلى العصف باستقرار نظام حكم الرئيس المصري عبد الفتاح السيسي، الذي يعد أحد أهم ركائز الأمن القومي الإسرائيلي، كما يجاهر بذلك الكثير من المسؤولين في تل أبيب. وتعي إسرائيل أن الدعم المادي والسياسي الذي وفرته السعودية أسهم في ضمان استقرار نظام السيسي، على الرغم من تدهور الأوضاع الاقتصادية والأمنية في بلاد النيل.

Why Mohammed bin Salman is now circling the wagons

Whoever takes over from bin Salman would have to apply the lesson of his demise.

By David Hearst

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Mohammed bin Salman's universe is shrinking quickly. After a prolonged absence in London, his uncle and nemesis, Prince Ahmad bin Abdulaziz, returned home to a hero’s welcome. Senior princes have flocked to greet him, at the airport and receptions held afterwards.

The welcome includes heavyweights like former intelligence chief Khaled bin Bandar, former deputy defence minister Khaled bin Sultan, and former crown prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz. It is telling that no photographs have emerged so far of Prince Ahmad with Mohammed bin Salman, although there are reports that bin Salman and his brother, Khaled bin Salman, greeted him at the airport.

I understand that Ahmad refused to be photographed with either, or to have his return used as an endorsement of his nephew.

Only two months ago, bin Salman was strong enough, as Saudi Arabia's present crown prince, to put words into his uncle's mouth. It happened after Ahmad had walked over to a group of Yemeni and Bahraini protesters outside his London home to tell them that the Al Saud family bore no responsibility for the war in Yemen. Asked by the protesters who was responsible, the prince replied: "The king and the crown prince, and others in the state."

A reception for Prince Ahmad bin Abdulaziz taken on Tuesday following his return to Saudi Arabia (Supplied)

Within hours, state-controlled Saudi Press Agency quoted Prince Ahmad as saying that the "interpretation" that he had criticised the king was "inaccurate". SPA said Prince Ahmad was merely saying the royal family was responsible because of their positions in the government.

As I reported at the time, Ahmad stuck by his original remarks and considered permanent exile. Two months later, the official Saudi media is silent about the return of the prodigal son of the kingdom's founder, King Abdulaziz. Bin Salman dare not put words in his uncle's mouth now.

Since his return this week, Ahmad has held many meetings with his brothers and senior al Saud princes. There has been open discussion about how to deal with the current crisis. But this would not have been the case a few weeks ago when bin Salman was in a position to impose total censorship on the family.

Every member of the Al Saud clan is feeling the heat of journalist Jamal Khashoggi’s murder in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul in early October. Harvard Belfer Center's Kennedy School disinvited Saudi Prince Turki al Faisal from a week in residence, The Daily Beast reported on Friday. In the interview, Turki, the son of the late King Faisal and former Saudi ambassador to the United States, said: "I got notice ... very politely saying 'this may not be the right time for you to come and lecture because of the Khashoggi affair'." 

In an attempt to soften the impact of his uncle's return, bin Salman has also released Khaled, the younger brother of  Alwaleed bin Talal, from prison.

Circling the wagons

Bin Salman, in less than a week, has gone from strutting the world stage to circling the wagons. His initial arrogance is well documented. Just reread the interview he gave to Bloomberg a few days after Khashoggi's murder. It took a while for reality to dawn on him about the scale of the problems he faced.

A few days after the killing in the consulate, bin Salman sent his head of intelligence, Khaled bin Ali al Humaidan, to Turkey. He returned worried about how much the Turks knew and reported back to Riyadh that the situation was very bad.

The king's counsellor and the governor of Mecca, Khaled al Faisal, was next to arrive in Ankara. He dangled a series of offers in his meeting with the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Saudi Arabia could help Turkey with investments. It could buy Turkish weapons. Erdogan cut him off in mid-flow, according to an informed source. "Are you trying to bribe me?" he asked outright. Al Faisal was allowed to listen to the 15-minute tape of Khashoggi's murder. He returned with a sense of failure.

The same night, King Salman made his first telephone call to Erdogan. As a result of that, a joint investigation was set up. Another telephone call ensued. King Salman told Erdogan: "We are going to take measures. Everybody will be punished," after which came the official Saudi acknowledgement that a murder had taken place at the consulate, the 15-man murder team had been arrested, and two senior officials in charge of them sacked.

In Erdogan's calls with King Salman, sources familiar with the conversation told me that the Saudi royal appeared to be reading from a piece of paper. "When you asked him a question, he could not answer," one of those present in Erdogan's office said. Erdogan was unbending. He told Salman: "If the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia wants to save itself, we want the body."

Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has been under pressure following the suspected murder of journalist Jamal Khashoggi (Reuters)

Erdogan has said this twice publicly. Today he dispelled any lingering doubts that he could be bought off. He wrote in the Washington Post: "We know that the order to kill Khashoggi came from the highest levels of the Saudi government."

Absolving the king of blame (Erdogan said he did not "believe for a second" that Saudi King Salman personally ordered the hit on Khashoggi), Erdogan likened the murder to Watergate.

"The murder of Jamal Khashoggi involves a lot more than a group of security officials, just as the Watergate scandal was bigger than a break-in and the 9/11 terror attacks went beyond the hijackers. As responsible members of the international community, we must reveal the identities of the puppetmasters behind Khashoggi's killing and discover those in whom Saudi officials - still trying to cover up the murder - have placed their trust."

There can be no clearer message that the price of closure in this affair is bin Salman's head.

Ahmad’s mission

There are two scenarios now for Ahmad to pursue. The first is to get bin Salman to strike a deal. He abandons his position as crown prince along with his security portfolio, defence ministry, interior ministry and security services. In exchange, he retains his role as an economic reformer.

The second is to go for his defenestration. The chairmanship of the Allegiance Council, which nominally at least vets and approves royal appointments, is vacant after the death of Meshaal bin Abdulaziz. If Ahmad were nominated chairman of the body, he would play the role of kingmaker.

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Jamal Khashoggi: The Arab despots' existential enemy #Khashoggi

Ahmad's mission depends on two factors; the extent to which he can galvanise opinion within the House of Saud that something has to be done about his nephew and that he has now made too many mistakes to be considered a future king. There is the war in Yemen, the kidnapping of a Lebanese prime minister, the siege of Qatar, the failure of the Aramco IPO, abandoning East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state, and now the killing of Jamal Khashoggi.

The list is long and threatens to get longer if bin Salman becomes king.

The second is the position of America. Donald Trump has long abandoned the line that Saudi statements were credible. They have changed them five times already, the latest being the denial of the Saudi prosecutor Saud al-Mojeb (described by his Turkish counterpart as the "lowest of the low") that Khashoggi's body had been passed to a "local collaborator".

Faced with the inevitable conclusion that bin Salman, Trump's point man in the Middle East, ordered the killing, and had close contacts with the murder squad that did it, the White House is playing for time. US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said on Thursday it would take a "handful more weeks" before the US had enough evidence to impose any sanctions.

The White House's ability to rush to the defence of its 33-year-old Saudi protege is being limited by the reaction of the international media, which for once is having an effect on his actions. Khashoggi would be surprised and honoured by the fact that his murder has become global news. An article by his bereaved fiancee, Hatice Cengiz, was published by Le Monde, The Guardian, Washington Post, Publico and Der Spiegel.

The US media are not going to let Trump off the hook on this one either. The risk of losing Congress in the midterm elections next week is also tempering Trump's customary belligerence under pressure. He knows that after this election he may have less freedom to protect his own than he has been used to up to now.

'Stability'

Almost in unison,  his son-in-law Jared Kushner, Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu, and bin Salman's paid mouthpieces in Washington are deploying the same argument: that unseating bin Salman would destabilise the Kingdom as a whole.

They acknowledge what they call bin Salman's proven "missteps": the arrests of women activists, diplomatic crises with Germany and Canada, the "imbroglio" surrounding Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri, (his kidnap), the Qatar boycott, and the "misfiring" war on Yemen.

But they then say that to remove bin Salman as crown prince is "neither realistic nor prudent". 

"Revisiting the royal succession not only would upend an appointment that has finally put to rest years of political uncertainty over the generational transfer of power within the royal family but also may place at risk the essential reforms that MBS has successfully pushed through, because any successor would likely overturn many of these reforms to gain support from the clerical class and other disgruntled elements of society," Ali Shihabi writes in the Arabia Foundation.

Whoever takes over from bin Salman would have to apply the lesson learnt from his demise. And that was expressed most clearly by the man he had killed.

"The crown prince is certainly not a Jeffersonian democrat," Shihabi struggles on with his brief. "However, history shows us that nations are at their most vulnerable during moments of transition, and this is particularly the case for a kingdom as deeply polarised as Saudi Arabia, which is surrounded by peril in the form of Sunni jihadi and Iran-supported Shia jihadi movements committed to its downfall."

In other words, remove bin Salman, and you endanger the state.

This is riddled with problems. Firstly, in rising to power, bin Salman removed the very Saudi security stalwarts that Washington relied on to secure the stability of the state. His elder cousin, Mohammed bin Nayef, was one of them. He was removed and then trashed as a drug addict by bin Salman's smear machine.

The second problem is that the people bin Salman removed were more experienced than him. They had spent decades learning their trade. Mutaib bin Abdullah spent years in the National Guard before he became the commander of it. In so doing, Mutaib built up networks of loyalty. Bin Salman has not been in any job long enough to create any loyalty networks, other than to those he has now been forced to dismiss.

Candidates for crown prince

There is no shortage of candidates to replace bin Salman. There is his Oxford-educated elder brother, Faisal bin Salman. There are any of the names mentioned above. It is palpable nonsense to say there is only one saviour of the 30,000 strong  House of Saud. There are many much more experienced and wiser heads than that of the current crown prince.

Whoever takes over from bin Salman would have to apply the lesson learnt from his demise.

And that was expressed most clearly by the man he had killed. Jamal Khashoggi had a "modest proposal" for the House of Saud. It was that economic reform that he undoubtedly backed had to be accompanied by a measure of political reform. This is so obvious it is hardly worth repeating, but it is the blinding truth that continued support for bin Salman refuses to accept.

To leave bin Salman in position, to allow him to escape with a slap on the wrists, is to imperil the kingdom and to let a monster live another day.

- David Hearst is editor-in-chief of Middle East Eye. He was chief foreign leader writer of The Guardian, former Associate Foreign Editor, European Editor, Moscow Bureau Chief, European Correspondent, and Ireland Correspondent. He joined The Guardian from The Scotsman, where he was education correspondent.

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Jamal Khashoggi: The Arab despots' existential enemy

It was Khashoggi's moderation, credibility and legitimacy that so alarmed illegitimate rulers

By David Hearst

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For the last month, we have all been living in a film. Something that could have been scripted by Quentin Tarantino. It's a drama that straddles two eras. 

The first is the 21st century, when a fast-talking 33-old year Saudi Prince strides onto the world stage as a reformer - confident, corner cutting, the scourge of the old, the bearer, we are told, of "moderate" Islam. Jamal Khashoggi once told me that this "moderate" prince was building himself his fourth yacht.

Medieval savagery

But this story has only one foot in the 21st century. The other foot is in the 10th century. This was when lords of the manor descended into their dungeons to hear the screams of their captives. Jamal Khashoggi was killed with medieval savagery. His screams were recorded by his killers. He took seven minutes to die.

This is the point at which the actions of a Saudi prince are indistinguishable from that of the Islamic State (IS). The moderate becomes the monster.

Until Khashoggi's murder on 2 October at the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, the border between 21st century and 10th century was frictionless. Imagine if Khashoggi had not stepped into the consulate. The great and the good would have descended on Davos in the Desert, Saudi Arabia's investments conference held in Riyadh last week.

Uber, Richard Branson, and Christine Lagarde, the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) managing director, would have fawned at the feet of the boy king, while the population of Hodeidah starves. They genuflect to tyranny with a lip gloss of liberalism. 

Jamal Khashoggi was killed with medieval savagery. His screams were recorded by his killers. He took seven minutes to die. This is the point at which the actions of a Saudi prince are indistinguishable from that of the Islamic State

After four weeks of lies and bribes, an avalanche of evidence points to the Tiger Squad, a covert unit whose commanders were handpicked by the Saudi crown prince, but of whose deeds in Istanbul he professes to be totally ignorant. The crown prince is unaware, too, of the four phone calls the head of the death squad, Maher Mutreb, made to his own chief staff on 2 October, the day of the killing. 

So, the crown prince has silenced a voice. But in the process he has turned himself into a toxic brand. He is now the last person you would want to be seen with. Unless of course you are John Flint, the CEO of HSBC. Flint admitted on Monday that it had been a "difficult few weeks for the kingdom". He understood "the emotion" behind the story, but "it's hard to disengage with Saudi Arabia". 

Despots' enemy

How interesting that a proven crime, conducted by state officials on state property, has managed to become a subject of emotion rather than international law. You would imagine an international banker, like Flint, to be rather keen on international law.

The millions of dollars spent plastering the prince’s face over the billboards of London, buying think tanks, academics, and journalists, have been consumed in the wildfire of Khashoggi's murder.

A protestor wears a mask of depicting Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman with red painted hands next to people holding posters of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi during a protest in Istanbul, on 25 October,2018 (AFP)

Why has the murder of one man unleashed such a reaction? Why has it taken this murder tostop German arms sales - (but not British, American or French ones) - when the Saudi bombing of a school bus in Yemen last August didn’t? It would take a psychiatrist, not a journalist, to explain this.

Jamal Khashoggi has touched a guilty nerve in all of us. It was not what he said so much what he refused to say that made him the existential enemy of despots. It was his moderation, his credibility, his legitimacy that so alarmed illegitimate rulers. He refused to toe the line, to shut up, to take the king's shilling. Had he done so, he would be rich and very much alive today.

Jamal Khashoggi has touched a guilty nerve in all of us. It was not what he said so much what he refused to say that made him the existential enemy of despots

But Khashoggi would not play the game. He once told me how humiliated he felt after a year of silence. "What's the point of being a journalist if you cannot write what you see in front of you? It's not my job. It's my duty." I sat there nodding. But I don’t think any of us appreciated the danger he was in.

Has anything changed four weeks on?

A turning point

Khashoggi's murder has shown us that the West's closest allies are not just unstable, but a source of regional instability. That arch disciple of realpolitik, the US Defence Secretary Jim Mattis, must really be asking himself, who damages American interests more: its enemies or its allies?

Despots never tire of telling us that Arabs are not mature enough for democracy. It's the other way round. Despots never know when their time is up. The Arab state is dying in their hands. Everyone knows this, from the nationalist to the Islamist, from the secular to the religious and from the liberal to the conservative.

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Jamal Khashoggi: A different sort of Saudi

Jamal Khashoggi knew this truth and paid for it with his life. His death may yet prove to be a turning point. 

The tragedy is that it took Khashoggi's death for the mask to slip, for the two worlds to collide. For, if ever the page of history turns, it can only be with people like Khashoggi that the region will build a more stable future.

I will miss him, the Arab Peninsula will miss him. The Arab world will miss him. He is a true hero of our times.

This article is based on a speech made at a memorial event for Jamal Khashoggi in London on 29 October.

- David Hearst is editor-in-chief of Middle East Eye. He was chief foreign leader writer of The Guardian, former Associate Foreign Editor, European Editor, Moscow Bureau Chief, European Correspondent, and Ireland Correspondent. He joined The Guardian from The Scotsman, where he was education correspondent.

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